Formation of an Alkene by Alcohol Dehydration Essay Example for Free

Formation of an Alkene by Alcohol Dehydration Essay Beer’s Law is an empirical relationship that relates the absorption of light to the properties of the material through which the light is travelling. In turn, absorbance is proportional to concentration and the higher the concentration, the higher the absorbance. This experiment incorporated Beer’s Law and is focused on determining the stress that various alcohols have on biological membranes. Using five solutions of differing alcohol concentration for each of the three alcohols; methanol, ethanol, and 1-propanol and a small slice of beet, the stirred solution was placed into a plastic cuvette and then into a spectrophotometer and the absorbance of alcohol solutions were determined in order to conclude which alcohol and concentration of alcohol had the greatest effect on biological membranes. The results showed that the most non-polar of the alcohols being tested, 1-proponal, caused the greatest damage to the biological membrane, the beet cell’s vacuole. INTRODUCTION The boundary between any cell and its environment is the plasma membrane, composed of a matrix of phospholipids molecules with many different kinds of proteins. Membranes have different properties and a variety of functions, in large part determined by the specific proteins within the membrane. The purpose of this experiment is to observe the effects of various alcohols on biological membranes, to determine the stress that various alcohols have on biological membranes and to conclude which concentration of alcohol has the greatest effect on biological membranes. The central plant vacuole of plant cells contains water and solutes, including water-soluble pigments. Its membrane, the tonoplast, is normally poorly permeable to water. The central plant vacuole of the root cells of beet contains a water-soluble red pigment, betacyanin, which gives the beet its characteristic color. Since the pigment is water-soluble and not lipid soluble, it remains in the vacuole when cells are healthy. If the tonoplast and the plasma membrane are damaged, the vacuole’s contents will leak out into the surrounding environment. Membrane disruption generally occurs when the cell is dead. Methanol, ethanol and 1-propanol are very similar alcohols, differing only in the number of carbon and hydrogen atoms within the molecule. One possible reason why these alcohols are so toxic to living organisms is that they might damage membranes. The polarity of methanol, ethanol, and 1-propanol comes from the OH group where the electrons are affected. The longer the R group the less the attraction. If 1-propanol is the most non-polar alcohol of the alcohols being tested, then 1-proponol will cause the greatest damage to the biological membrane, the beet cell’s vacuole. The effect of three different alcohols, methanol, ethanol, and 1-propanol, were tested on the beet vacuole membranes in this experiment. A measure of absorbance was collected using a conductivity probe. If a beet cell’s vacuole membrane (the tonoplast) was damaged, the red pigment, betacyanin, leaked out of the cell. The more red pigment that leaked out into the surrounding environment and the more intense the pigment, the greater the absorbance and the amount of cellular damage sustained by the beet. RESULTS The absorbance of methanol, ethanol, and 1-propanol were collected after the alcohol solutions of differing concentrations were placed in the plastic cuvette and then into the spectrophotometer. The absorbance of methanol, ethanol, and 1-proponal followed a general trend; the absorbance of the alcohol increased in relation to the rise in concentration of each alcohol solution. Figure 1. The graph depicts five solution of differing alcohol concentrations for each of the three alcohols; methanol, ethanol, and 1-propanol. The alcohol with the highest measurement of absorbance was the non-polar 1-proponal. (Figure 1) DISCUSSION The results (Figure 1), in general, support the original hypothesis that if 1-propanol is the most non-polar alcohol of the alcohols being tested, then 1-proponol will cause the greatest damage to the biological membrane, the beet cell’s vacuole. Hence, 1-proponal had the highest absorbance. The polarity of methanol, ethanol, and 1-propanol comes from the OH group, where the electrons are effected. The longer the R group the less the attraction between the molecules. In turn, methanol, ethanol, and 1-propanol are arranged from most polar to non-polar. At concentrations of 20% methanol, 10% and 20% ethanol, and 20% 1-propanol, the absorbance did not follow the general trend of data. This is due to sources of error in this experiment. There proved to have many sources of error in this experiment given the data gathered in this study and the evidence to this point. Sources of error include the size and surface area of the beat, cross contamination, and puncturing the beet during the stirring of solution. If the size and surface area of the beet slices were not uniform, bigger slices of beets had the potential to secrete a larger quantity of red pigment and a greater intensity in color in turn, increasing the absorbance. If the alcohol solutions were not stirred in order from lowest concentration to highest concentration, cross contamination would have occurred. If lower concentrations of alcohol are diluted with higher concentrations of alcohol, the absorbance of the lower concentration of alcohol will increase. If the beet was punctured during the stirring process, a greater amount of red pigment leaked out into the surrounding environment and in turn, the absorbance is increased. Beer’s Law is an empirical relationship that relates the absorption of light to the properties of the material through which the light is travelling. Beer’s Law is represented as A = ? bc (1) Where A is equal to the absorbance, ? is equal to the molar absorbtivity, b is equal to path length, and c is equal to concentration. In turn, absorbance is proportional to concentration and the higher the concentration of the red pigment that leaks out into the surrounding environment, the higher the absorbance of the alcohol.

Use of Fantasy in Langston Hughess On the Road Essay -- On The Road e

Use of Fantasy in Langston Hughes's On the Road Langston Hughes's short story "On the Road" begins and ends realistically enough: his protagonist, Sargeant, enters a strange town one winter's night during the Depression and finds himself without shelter, as many did during this era. Hughes gives Sargeant the additional burden of being an African-American in the "white" part of town; therefore, he faces the perfectly plausible obstacles of shelters that "drew the color line" and racist police officers who beat and imprison him. But despite the realistic beginning and ending of the story, Hughes places an elaborate fantasy segment involving Sargeant talking to a stone Christ who has "broken off the cross" in the story's middle. Hughes uses this fantasy segment to condemn the hypocrisy of many so-called Christians. That the town's "Christians" are hypocrites is established by Hughes before the fantasy sequence. Hughes foreshadows the Sargeant-Christ conversation by having the townspeople reacting in a very un-Christian, racist manner to Sargeant's desire to enter t...

The Benefits and Hinderance of Assessments

Appraisal in primary instruction involves geting information and doing formal or informal opinions about kids ‘s advancement and attainments, including countries for farther development. The chief facets that are normally assessed in kids ‘s larning include: cognition, apprehension, accomplishments, behavior, attitudes and values in relation to the National Curriculum ( Wragg, 2001 ) . Assessment is indispensable as it can unearth of import information. For illustration, it can ; place spreads in kids ‘s acquisition and where support may be required, supply information that can be shared with parents, inform instructor ‘s planning and teaching method and bespeak the effectivity of schools. However, this is non an inclusive list and there are other indispensable grounds why appraisal is required, which shall be reinforced throughout this treatment. We shall concentrate on appraisal schemes and how this information is utilized ; in peculiar this will be cross referenced with my experience in school. We will get down by researching summational appraisal schemes. This is besides known as ‘Assessment of Learning ‘ ( AOL ) and is an analysis of the appraisal to day of the month, which occurs at the terminal of the twelvemonth or block of survey. Examples of summational appraisals include: the Foundation Stage Profile ( FSP ) , Standards Assessment Tests ( SATS ) and formal instructor appraisals. The empirical grounds collated from this is used to look into the advancement or attainment of the scholar in relation to countries of the National Curriculum. The cardinal intent of this type of appraisal is to supply informations for national and local benchmarking intents. Using this information is indispensable as it enables schools to infer whether kids are run intoing the age-related outlooks. If they have deviated, marks are reviewed and the necessary commissariats or intercessions are implemented. This is to guarantee kids remain on path to run into the national outlooks of doing at least two National Curriculum degrees advancement over each cardinal phase. In my base-school at Robin Hood Primary, information analysis is of import to inform their tracking systems so that they can take action and measure kids ‘s advancement and attainment. The anterior attainment informations is besides used at the start of term to put marks and inform average term planning. This is a cardinal focal point for learning and acquisition. The Contextual Value-Added ( CVA ) theoretical account is a national step which quantifies schools public presentation compared to others with similar features. This theoretical account considers a scope of factors such as ; anterior attainment, Particular Educational Needs ( SEN ) and Free School Meals that can impact kids ‘s public presentation ; therefore provides a flat playing field. The school ‘s CVA tonss are presented on RAISEonline, which is of import in puting the model for schools and bespeaking its accomplishment and attainment ( Weston, 2007 ) . This information enables Local Educational Authorities and schools to: place tendencies, underachieving groups, set realistic marks, and reexamine overall effectivity and criterions. This is peculiarly of import sing the: ‘breaking the nexus between disadvantage and low attainment ‘ certification. This is an enterprise to extenuate under-performance issues in disadvantaged communities. But it should be not ed that the recent White Paper: importance of instruction has indicated a reform into assessment coverage. In peculiar, the CVA theoretical account will discontinue and the hereafter reformed course of study will move as a benchmark for all schools, with a focal point on ‘pupils ‘ premium ‘ to raise accomplishment. There has been negativity towards external summational appraisals in footings of their dependability and whether it benefits the kid ‘s acquisition and advancement. SATS are classed as ‘high bets ‘ , which can ensue in ‘teaching to the trials ‘ and rote instead than deep larning being assessed ( James and Gipps 1998 ) . Hall ( 2010 ) noted that instructors can besides be inclined to follow ‘transmission manners ‘ of instruction, which reduces creativeness in the course of study ; and could finally impact kids ‘s acquisition. SATS are undertaken at Robin Hood Primary along with instructor appraisals. They continue to advance a originative course of study as they recognise the importance of making rich acquisition experiences and orienting kids ‘s demands. This is so they can bask larning and develop new accomplishments whilst still fixing kids for SATS in an effectual mode. In footings of my pattern, I will necessitate to use simil ar teaching methods to run into the larning demands of kids ( Q28 ) . The instructor appraisals officially consider kids ‘s public presentation in each country of acquisition ; and provides them a National Curriculum degree that ‘best-fits ‘ the kid. These have proved to be more popular than SATS in footings of their dependability. To some extent this can be used formatively to inform the teaching method of the schoolroom ( Hall, 2003 ) . The advantage is that the whole- course of study can be assessed in footings of the attainment marks instead than the specific focal point on nucleus topics. More significantly, learning is non specifically geared toward trials but can be adapted by prosecuting larning ends that meet kids ‘s demands ( Alexander, 2010 ) . Robin Hood Primary uses a assortment of grounds from different contexts to measure students as they recognise that kids learn in different ways. This is of import if we consider Gardner ‘s theory of multiple intelligences, where different instruction contexts leverage the ir strengths. The school ethos is a collaborative planning attack. This enables twelvemonth group instructors to discourse their appraisal attacks, what they are measuring in relation to their programmes of work and whether there is a common apprehension of the degree descriptions for moderateness intents. Hall and Harding ( 2002 ) noted that teacher appraisals can be enhanced if a ‘collaborative attack ‘ is envisioned. This is where an ‘assessment community ‘ is created affecting staff, students and even parents. In footings of my ain pattern, it will be indispensable that I discuss instructors ‘ appraisals with experient co-workers to guarantee that kids ‘s advancement and attainments are moderated ( Q11 ) . This information would besides be of import to inform planning and personalise acquisition to assist raise degree of accomplishments ; and contract any attainment spreads ( Q13, Q19 ) . This besides highlights how of import appraisal informations is to supervise kids ‘s advancement and raise attainment degrees. Now that we have discussed summational appraisal schemes, it is of import to research the normally preferable attack ; formative appraisal. Appraisal for Learning ( AFL ) and Assessment as Learning ( AAL ) are formative attacks and is a cardinal portion of the instruction, larning and be aftering procedure. It is a uninterrupted procedure of placing and reacting to kids ‘s acquisition in order for them to do effectual advancement. Therefore it enables instructors to reevaluate their teaching method and planning in visible radiation of whether the intended acquisition results have been achieved. In comparing to summational attacks, AFL recognises the importance of the scholar being included in the appraisal procedure. Hall ( 2003 ) reinforced this impression: ‘†¦ Just as acquisition is a societal procedure, so excessively assessment is a societal procedure. The manner the learner interprets the acquisition context is vitally of import to their success in that context ‘ . ( Hall, 2003, p. 12 ) Black and William ‘s ( 1998 ) research have proven that AFL does raise criterions of attainment. In peculiar, easing the lower abilities more than others, which minimises the spread of attainment. This links with the Assessment Reform Group ‘s ( 2002 ) research of AFL patterns. They highlighted 10 rules to maneuver instructors in implementing this in their schoolroom to advance effectual instruction and acquisition. The cardinal intent of AFL is to raise accomplishment. It involves kids to develop their ain acquisition, which makes them active agents in the appraisal procedure. Planning is critical to its success to guarantee that relevant information is collated to heighten kids ‘s advancement. Alexander ( 2010 ) emphasised that AFL lucifers modern positions of how kids learn as they actively construct their acquisition and take ownership. Key characteristics associated with AFL ( but non inclusive ) include: sharing the acquisition aims and success standards, supplying feedback, effectual inquiring, affecting kids in equal and self-assessment, and Assessing Pupils Progress ( APP ) . Robin Hood Primary extremely respects AFL as a mechanism to supervise kids ‘s advancement and attainment so that any barriers can be lifted to guarantee that they all reach their possible. This is reinforced by their purpose: ‘†¦Raise criterions of attainment and accomplishment by holding high outlooks of the instruction and larning ‘ . ( Robin Hood Primary School ‘s Policy, 2010 ) AFL is embedded within their school civilization to gain this purpose. The celebrated formative illustrations are some which are used within the school and shall now be discussed. Sharing larning aims is a whole-school attack and is made visually and verbally explicit to the kids in all topics. The kids besides write the acquisition aims in their work to reenforce outlooks. This pattern enables kids to be clear on the purpose of the lesson and more significantly what they need to make to be successful, which is the success standard. This so promotes self-assessment, which links to an of import impression made by Black and William ( 1998b ) : ‘†¦When scholars do come to a sense of how their work is judged they are far more effectual and committed as scholars. They can self-evaluate ‘ . ( Cited in Hall and Burke, 2003, p. 55 ) Sharing the success standard is every bit of import as the acquisition aims. Children recognize what the instructor ‘s outlooks are in footings of judging attainment and they can supervise their advancement towards these ends. At Robin Hood Primary, they normally make this visually explicit such as on the Interactive Whiteboard and is besides reinforced verbally throughout the lesson to do outlooks clear. In add-on, I have observed the instructor to underscore the intent of what they are making, which is of import if we consider the cognitive behavior attack to larning. This theory states that scholars actively construct their acquisition. By supplying a intent they are motivated to larn, which interlinks with the ‘what ‘s in it for me ‘ construct ( Hughes 2010 ) . In footings of pattern, it will be of import for me to go on to portion the acquisition aims and success standards with the category, by guaranting that it is besides expressed suitably to those with SEN and EAL needs. This would enable all kids to be engaged with the undertaking and basically their ain appraisal. It would besides allow me to concentrate on the acquisition results and therefore quality instead than merely acquiring the activities complete ( Q10, Q12, Q26b ) . Self-assessment is an built-in portion of the acquisition aims and success standards. This can merely be successful if kids assess and reflect on their ain ability and understand what they need to make to better instead than merely being told what to make. From my experience, oppugning throughout and during plenaries are utile manners to measure whether acquisition has taken topographic point. It besides enables kids ‘s to reflect whether they have fulfilled the success standards and larning aims. Robin Hood Primary considers effectual oppugning in self-assessment to be of import to get an penetration into kids ‘s acquisition. Open-ended inquiries are important to guarantee that it is inclusive of all scholars. Hall ( 2010 ) emphasised that kids need clip to believe to develop higher order believing accomplishments. From my experience, I have noticed the instructor to utilize ‘positive linguistic communication ‘ in the schoolroom if kids experience troubles or misconceptions, particularly in numeracy. The civilization is to handle errors as chances. I think this is an of import scheme to use so that kids are non de-motivated and increases their self-esteem ; but basically influences their acquisition positively. The school besides uses peer-assessment, which is more than marker trials and can reenforce self-assessment. For illustration, during certain speech production and listening group exercisings, the kids had to explicate inquiries sing a book, which was so discussed and evaluated as a category. This can be effectual as kids can get confidence in making their ain inquiries and sing a scope of differing responses. It besides enables them to develop an penetration into their ain public presentation and what they need to make to better by measuring the work of others. Clarke ( 2001 ) besides reinforced the importance of these appraisals as it raises their self-esteem as they are in control of their acquisition. It should be noted that there can be disadvantages with this type of appraisal in footings of sensitiveness or kids ‘s fight, but if used in the right context if can be powerful. In footings of my pattern, I will necessitate to guarantee that I present self and peer appraisal chances, in concurrence with effectual inquiring and feedback. This is so kids can reflect on their ain acquisition and be motivated to come on. This will besides supply me an penetration into their acquisition, which so informs short-tem planning in footings of the learning sequence of lessons ( Q29 ) . In relation to this, understanding the kids will be indispensable to provide for their demands efficaciously. This reinforces how these elements are closely interlinked with appraisal ( Q25a, Q25c, Q26a, Q27, Q28 ) . From the above treatment, we can see how formative appraisal schemes are more child-centred compared to summational attacks. This enables them to see how good they are making and more significantly for instructors to put marks. As mentioned earlier, Robin Hood Primary has pupil tracking systems, which enables them to measure whether kids are run intoing the age- related outlooks. These tracking systems consist of the National Curriculum degrees the kids obtained in the old old ages based on the SATS, instructor appraisals, APP informations and their anticipations for the terminal of the twelvemonth. The instructors besides have review meetings with the Head Teacher to look into that the students are on path. It enables instructors to put marks and commissariats to ease kids to do the 2 sub-level betterments within the twelvemonth. It besides deduces whether any intercessions are required to shut attainment spreads. This reinforces the importance of appraisal as pupil- degree informat ions is of import to inform acquisition, learning and be aftering so that attainment degrees can be raised. The ‘breaking the nexus between disadvantage and low attainment ‘ certification high spots that using informations can extenuate these links and encourages personalised learning commissariats. In footings of my pattern, it will be critical that this information is used for these intents so that kids can accomplish their possible ( Q10, Q13, Q19, Q25b, vitamin D, Q26b, Q29 ) . Robin Hood Primary besides have qualitative marks in literacy and numeracy, which are explicitly shared with the kids so they know how good they are making and what they need to make to better. This is of import so they can take ownership for their propensity. They have a mark sheet ( see appendix 1a and B ) in their numeracy and literacy books, which translate into ‘I can ‘ statements ; and are more child-friendly. This is a mechanism to portion marks with the kids so they know what they need to make to come on to their expected National Curriculum degrees by the terminal of the twelvemonth. The marks for EAL kids normally differ in literacy ( and other topics ) to guarantee they come on within their capablenesss. Children in Key Stage 1 and 2 besides complete an assessed piece of composing known as the ‘Big Write ‘ ; this is portion of the current school ‘s betterment program which places an accent on composing. This is normally undertaken at the termi nal of stage results to supervise kids in these specific countries of larning. Equally good as composing marks in their book, they are visually placed on their tabular arraies as a reminder. There are besides ocular shows such as ‘VCOP ‘ pyramids to foreground what they need to make to obtain a peculiar degree, which reinforces the criterions to take for. In footings of reading, the kids are informed of their degree at the beginning of the twelvemonth and where they are expected to be at the terminal of the twelvemonth. This is tracked by the instructor and instructor helper who monitor advancement. In footings of tracking other topics, the instructors provide feedback through constructive marker and general observations in the schoolroom. This is besides built-in to the self-assessment procedure so kids know how to bridge the spreads in their acquisition. Feedback is of import so instructors can assist scaffold their acquisition to shut the spread between what they know and need to cognize ( Clarke, 2003 ) . The instructor besides acquires feedback from the learning helpers as a manner of monitoring advancement. This besides demonstrates the importance of working closely with the support staff ( Q30 ) . I will necessitate to guarantee that I give constructive feedback to ease acquisition, particularly by associating their acquisition to prior experiences to do this meaningful. Feedback will besides enable me to set and inform hereafter planning and instruction ; which reinforces the appraisal, planning, learning rhythm and the importance of planning and monitoring kids ‘s advancement. ( Q12, Q27 ) The appraisal schemes across the age ranges are similar for Key Stage 1 and 2. However, in Key Stage 1 they have a phonics tracker to supervise advancement and inform ability groups. They besides use the ‘bubble and block ‘ attack, which specifies the positive component of their work and marks for betterment. There is besides the FSP which is a summational attack used in the Foundation Stage. This assesses kids ‘s patterned advance and the degree of attainment achieved in each of the six countries of larning. There are13 appraisal graduated tables covering these countries, which promotes instructors to used focused observations as a agency of the documented accomplishments ( DCFS, 2008 ) . This leads to a summational record at the terminal of the Foundation Stage. The FSP is used by the Key Stage 1 instructors to enable them to inform their hereafter planning. This reinforces the importance of appraisal informations in easing acquisition and raising attainment degre es. In footings of supervising the advancement and attainment of SEN kids ( or those working below the National Curriculum degrees ) , Robin Hood Primary uses p- degree informations and PIVATS in appraisal. These kids and those with learning troubles are still expected to do a similar rate of advancement compared to national outlooks of other kids. The school recognises that high outlooks, quality foremost learning ( as in all categories ) is important to raise their attainment degrees. The p-level information is used to set up good advancement for these scholars below the age-related outlooks. The information from these appraisal tools are used to inform Individual Education Plan marks ( for some kids ) and foregrounding their strengths excessively. Working with the SENCO will be of import to personalize and supervise the acquisition of these kids in footings of my pattern ( Q19 ) . APP is a mechanism they use to track single advancement, which is portion of AFL. By making so, they can place where kids are in their acquisition and set marks for patterned advance. It besides informs instructors ‘ capable cognition to infer what gaps they need to make full to enable kids to accomplish the expected degree. The school uses a representative sample in APP as it would be inefficient to supervise the advancement of each kid. For illustration, in my base-class they track a sum of six kids from the higher, middle and lower ability group for literacy ( excepting composing ) and numeracy. The school uses the APP appraisal guidelines from the Primary Nation Strategy certification to supervise kids ‘s advancement, although in some cases they use their ain stuffs. To measure reading, the kids are grouped harmonizing to ability for guided reading Sessionss. This enables the instructor to choose appropriate reading stuff and measure their word acknowledgment and comp rehension accomplishments. Targets are shared with the kids so they know what they have to make to come on to the following reading degree. More significantly, it facilitates instructors to reexamine planning, larning aims and place which group would profit from accelerated acquisition to acquire them on the right flight. APP will be indispensable to utilize in my pattern to inform planning to bridge any learning spreads and to personalize larning excessively ( Q19, Q22 ) . Thus It reinforces how AFL is of import is to pull off and be after the instruction and acquisition to acquire kids to where they need to be. Overall, we can see how appraisal is of import and an built-in portion of the planning and learning rhythm to raise attainment degrees. Assessment is of import to infer whether kids are run intoing the intended acquisition results or experience troubles ; which later inform be aftering. Planing and the sequence of lessons may so necessitate accommodations such by revisiting the larning aims or traveling in front based on the kids ‘s advancement. In bend, this informs the instructor ‘s teaching method as techniques may necessitate to be adapted or larning personalised to get the better of barriers. This may affect alterations in the distinction schemes to orient kids ‘s demands in the given context. Teaching besides enables appraisals to be made of the category, which informs planning ; hence this demonstrates how these elements are built-in. In footings of my pattern, I will necessitate to utilize appraisal to inform my planning and present high quality instruction. But most significantly, I will necessitate to cognize my category good and have high outlooks to raise attainment degrees so that they can all make their possible.Word Count: 3,312

The Code Of Ethics And Ethics - 975 Words

People of different professions consult with their respective code of ethics when they feel guidance is necessary. As a counselor, regardless of our specific track, we may find ourselves referring to the American Counseling Association’s (ACA) Code of Ethics (2014). I feel the existence of a code of ethics provides the necessary guidelines and justification when things are ambiguous. It serves the purpose of keeping things under control and within limits by minimizing the amount of harm received by any party. As the counselor, this set of guidelines provides clear limits and boundaries between the counselor and client relationship as well as protection for the client’s privacy and well-being. Although the guidelines are set forth as safeguards, it is not all inclusive, where everything is addressed explicitly. New technology and situations arise as we progress, revisions are necessary to effectively utilize these fundamental guidelines. In addition, the guidelines provi de the foundation for practicing competently and professionally across different professions and platforms. The code of ethics suggests the professional values one should regard highly within their profession. These values serve as the foundation of how counselors should carry out their responsibilities professionally while embracing the ethical commitment in a competent manner. These values instill the principles of ethical behavior in relation to the counseling relationship and as a counselor. 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How Sunscreen SPF Is Measured

SPF (Sun Protection Factor) is a multiplication factor you can use to determine how long you can stay out in the sun before getting a sunburn. If you normally can stay out 10 minutes before burning, a sunscreen with an SPF of 2 will let you stay out twice as long, or 20 minutes, before feeling the burn. An SPF of 70 will let you stay out 70 times longer than if you had no protection (or 700 minutes in this example, which would be over 11 hours or a full day). How Is SPFDetermined? Think SPF is a  calculated value or an experimental lab value, based on how much ultraviolet light penetrates a coating of sunscreen? Nope! SPF is determined using human experimentation. The test involves fair-skinned volunteers (people who burn most quickly). They apply the product and bake in the sun until they start to fry.   What about water resistant? For a sunscreen to be marketed as water resistant, the time required to burn must be the same before and after two consecutive 20 minute soaks in a Jacuzzi. The SPF factors are calculated by rounding down the time required to burn; however, you may get a false sense of protection from an SPF because the amount of sunscreen used in the tests is a lot more product than the average person uses. The tests use 2 milligrams of formula per square centimeter of skin. Thats like using a quarter of an 8-oz bottle of sunscreen for a single application. Still... a high SPF confers more protection than lower SPF.  How Sunless Tanning Works | How Sunscreen Works

The Human Genome Project and Patenting DNA Essay - 1592 Words

The Human Genome Project: Patenting DNA The Human Genome Project is a global initiative to map the approximately 100,000 genes present in the genome of humans. Planning for the project was started in 1989 with a proposal submitted by the Office of Technology Assessment and the National Research Council. In 1990, the actual project began under the joint leadership of the National Institutes of Health and the Department of Energy. The goals of the project are as follows: Mapping and sequencing the human genome Mapping and sequencing the genomes of model organisms Data collection and distribution Ethical, legal, and social consideration Research training Technology development Technology transfer Originally, research†¦show more content†¦The downside of this genome mania is high expectations. Current market values of life science companies are very high. Companies are faced with a lot of pressure from shareholders to provide new blockbuster therapies that will net those investors large profits. The problem with this mentality is that research takes a lot of time and a lot of money (2). The fear of some researchers is that industry will not be open with the results of their genome research, sequestering away nucleic acid sequences in private databases, or tying up huge amounts of information in pending patents. This goes against the original aim of the project which was to place all information gathered in free, publicly accessible databases. Recent developments in the Human Genome Project only heightened these fears. On May 9, 1998, Crag Venter, president of The Institute for Genomic Research (TIGR), announced his company was teaming up with pharmaceutical giant Perkin-Elmer to sequence the human genome in just three years (3). This news took the genetics community by storm. 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Health Promotion and Policy-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Questions: 1.Why is a policy cycle an appropriate tool for developing a new policy? 2.How is a health policy different to a government policy document? 3.What are key sociological issues and how do they determine a persons state of health? 4.What is meant by the term power in policy development and change? 5.What policy considerations should be included in a national obesity health campaign? Answers: 1.In order for health care to be efficient and equal for each and every socio-economic group, health policies are an irreplaceable tool. According to Harold lasswell,policy making can be defined as the process of identification, agenda setting, adoption, implementation, appraisal and policy evolution. And the policy cycle is a heuristic tool that serves as a organizing device for the authority to design and implement health policies. There are various strengths that the policy cycle provides to the entire construct, first and foremost, it has to be mentioned, the cycle in the policy cycle conveys a movement in the process of ideas and resources in the iteration of the policy making. According to the Buse, Mays and Walt (2012), the policy cycle provides a routine for the policy makers to follow that does not finish with just a decision but It follows through to implementation and evaluation of the entire process. On a more elaborative note, it has to be mentioned that the policy cycle provides a set of normative values that simplifies the complex procedure of policy making into different steps, so that acute emphasis is given to the each and every area of need in the policy procedure (Buse, Mays Walt, 2012). Along with that, it has to be mentioned as well that the process of the public health policy making is the exploration of a variety of information and resources regarding the needs of different demographics and patient population. The policy cycle provides the policy making authority with the opportunity to synthesize the existing knowledge and exploring resources so that the policy addresses each and every public health priorities and the areas of the need. Hence, it has to be mentioned that the concept of the policy cycle provides a reasonable and simplified step by step procedure or framework that defines the activities following which a successful procedure of designing and implementing a public health policy (Hannigan Coffey, 2011). 2.A health policy can be significantly different from the regular government laws and policy documents. First and foremost, it has to be mentioned in this context that the health care can be easily considered one of the greatest public service needs in the society. It has to be mentioned that in many nations, health sector can be considered a very important part of the economy. According to the Solar and Irwin (2010), health policy in case of many developing nations is serves as a sponge that demands and absorbs a large amount of national resources than any other government of tax funded sector of public service. On the other hand there are other schools of thoughts regards the public health policy are the drivers of the economy, the health policies invest in innovative new biomedical technologies and different infrastructures, improving the health of the population which in turn improves the life expectancy and credibility of the society. Hence, the most important difference between the health policy and government policy document is the priority funding that both of the sectors receive. A government policy document on the other hand provides the details regarding the policy commitments of the government and all the required initiatives that is needed to be taken in order for the nation to reach all the ICT or developmental goals. A regular government policy document emphasizes on all of the developmental and socio-economic growth goals instead of focusing on just the health care needs of the nation. Hence a government policy document can be in health, but it can also be in environment, education or trade as well. On a simpler note, a government policy is generally a public policy related to any of the area of need of the general public, on which the government will decide and commit what it will do and will not do (McConnell, 2010). 3.There are various inequities and disparities that has a profound effect on the health status of the different social groups, both the accessibility and the health status generally varies across the social gradient. First and foremost, the life expectancy lowers further down the social ladder, with lower financial strength and employment status as well. It has to be understood in this context that the impact of occupational class is very high in health throughout the life. According to the research, there is almost twice the risk of severe health adversities as the occupational status lowers across the social gradient. Poor occupational status has a significant impact on the lifestyle as well, which in turn imparts the detrimental impact on the health status and the poor nutrition increases the vulnerability to various diseases. Stress is the second most important sociological issues that has a major impact on health outcomes, according to Marmot et al. (2012), long term stress can give rise to health concerns like anxiety, hypertension, insecurity, paranoia and can even lead to other impactful sociological issues like low self esteem and social isolation. This psychosocial issue deteriorates the mental health and leads to reduced life expectancy by facilitating diabetes and cardiac diseases. Early life is the fourth social issue, where the poor maternal or child health and nutritional status affects the life expectancy and health of the children on a long term basis. The fifth issue is social exclusion, and coupled with poverty there are various health adversities that can even lead to fatal consequences like premature death without support. The sixth social issue professional stress and work life relations can also have a detrimental impact on health causing anxiety, hypertension and cardiac diseases. On the other hand, simultaneously with extreme workload and professional stress, unemployment can also lead to anxiety and depression and can cause health risks (Althaus, Bridgman Davis, 2013). The lack of social support has been found to have a significant impact on the health outcomes as well, lower the standards of the community care and social support services, worse is the health outcomes of the concerned community. Addiction is another severely impactful social issu e that has a huge impact on the health outcomes of a community and enhances risk of various health concerns like respiratory disorders, cancer, cardiac problems and substance induced psychosis as well. Lastly, the food and transport are also social issue with great impact on the health outcomes, it has to be mentioned that with diminished nutritional status and lack of cycling, walking and public transports in a nation can indirectly pave way for many non-communicable health risks (Braveman Gottlieb, 2014). 4.Power can be considered as the significant construct that moves each and every sector of a human society, and the health policy sector is not an exception to that rule either. There is a distinct role of power manifestation in the policy making procedure; both in design and implementation. According to the policy cycle, there are several steps to the construct of a policy and power plays a profound role in all of the different steps of the policy making procedure. It has to be understood that a policy making can be considered as a process that involves different groups competing with each other depending on their individual interests, hence the manifestation of the concept of power is extremely crucial for the final verdict to be made (Wildavsky, 2017). In case of a government policy, the greatest decisive power is with the government authority without any doubt, and the government body has the total controlling power over the entire procedure as well. On the other hand, there is n on-decisive power in the policy making scenario as well, it is attributed to the ability of any powerful group to keep threatening issues below policy radar for personal gain as well. Along with that, power can also be exerted in this scenario by any influential group of social activists to exercise thought control over a huge population involved with a policy making or implementation. Hence, it can be mentioned that power is a multidimensional construct on the context of policy making and implementation and there are different sets of impact on the policy design and implementation procedure of the different domains of power in this scenario (Geyer Rihani, 2012). 5.Obesity can be considered easily as one of the greatest health concerns of the developing nations and considering the Australian health demographics, obesity is a rising concern. According to the report by the Australian institute of health and welfare the obesity statistics in the Australian demographics is 2 in every 3 people, and hence there has been a 5 to 10 % hike in the burden of different non communicable diseases that are linked to obesity. Hence a national health campaign for obesity in Australian context should consider a number of different related topics. First and foremost, the prevalence and incidence rate of obesity in the nation will needed to be included in the process, along with that the risk and vulnerability of the obese and the people in the obesity threshold to different cardiac and renal co-mortifies will need be calculated and considered in the obesity campaigning (Grantham et al., 2013). Lifestyle patterns play a very important role in the obesity statist ics of the Australian people, the natives with a more or less sedentary lifestyle and lack of obesity awareness, are far more at risk to obesity. Hence the lifestyle patterns and screen time of the target population will also need to be included in the campaigning procedure. The diet speaks volumes regarding the health status of a particular community and hence the diet pattern and consumption junk food is the next consideration for the campaigning. Lastly, awareness and literacy about obesity prevention and healthy lifestyle will needed to be considered in the policy consideration for the campaigning. The accessibility and reach of the obesity prevention and health promotional campaigning across different disadvantaged groups will determine the success of the campaign hence the policy must ensure maximum inclusion for all socio-economic groups (Magnusson, 2010) References: Althaus, C., Bridgman, P., Davis, G. (2013).The Australian policy handbook. Allen Unwin. Baggott, R. (2010).Public health: policy and politics. Palgrave Macmillan. Braveman, P., Gottlieb, L. (2014). The social determinants of health: it's time to consider the causes of the causes.Public health reports,129(1_suppl2), 19-31. Buse, K., Mays, N., Walt, G. (2012).Making health policy. McGraw-Hill Education (UK). Geyer, R., Rihani, S. (2012).Complexity and public policy: A new approach to 21st century politics, policy and society. Routledge. Grantham, N. M., Magliano, D. J., Hodge, A., Jowett, J., Meikle, P., Shaw, J. E. (2013). The association between dairy food intake and the incidence of diabetes in Australia: the Australian Diabetes Obesity and Lifestyle Study (AusDiab).Public health nutrition,16(2), 339-345. Hannigan, B., Coffey, M. (2011). Where the wicked problems are: the case of mental health.Health Policy,101(3), 220-227. Magnusson, R. S. (2010). Obesity prevention and personal responsibility: the case of front-of-pack food labelling in Australia.BMC Public Health,10(1), 662. Marmot, M., Allen, J., Bell, R., Bloomer, E., Goldblatt, P. (2012). WHO European review of social determinants of health and the health divide.The Lancet,380(9846), 1011-1029. McConnell, A. (2010). Policy success, policy failure and grey areas in-between.Journal of Public Policy,30(3), 345-362. Solar, O., Irwin, A. (2010). A conceptual framework for action on the social determinants of health. Wildavsky, A. (2017).Speaking truth to power: Art and craft of policy analysis. Routledge